Supply chain of nhs glasgow

2 IntroductionSupply concatenation is the procedure initiated on demand of client. It is carried out by traveling through procedures of natural stuff acquisition, production controls, finished goods, warehousing and finally ends at bringing to client. All concern sections have to explicate their ain seamster made supply concatenation mechanism. Supply concatenation method of any organisation depends on type of merchandise and nature of concern activity in which it is involved. Organizations get natural stuff from different beginnings and change over it into finished goods. This procedure is basically involves committedness of internal and external stakeholders. Supply concatenation direction covers harmonious flow of concatenation of prescribed events. Supply concatenation direction procedures have become so diverse that it has to account for six sigma and entire quality direction plans. Consequently, organisations compete at planetary degree that requires universe category quality c riterions. Therefore, in order to run into these challenges organisations must research qualified, dependable, and competitory beginnings of inputs found anyplace in universe. The hottest issue of supply concatenation direction is to pull off quality and cut down wastage at minimized degree in order to accomplish effectivity and efficiency. First activity of supply concatenation direction is generated from client order and terminal at bringing of merchandise at client premises. Intermediary procedures are covered by production with the aid of internal concatenation of bids and external web of providers. Supply concatenation direction histories for corporate ends and organisational scheme that makes short footings and long term determination devising. Short term determination doing involves day-to-day operational activities managing. Long term determination devising is strategic determination devising that analyzes overall internal and external environmental conditions. Therefore, successful organisations design supply concatenation direction by sing strategic focal point whereas account for day-to-day operational determination devising. Environmental conditions involve selling demands, handiness of four factors of production, client attention, conveyance substructure, competition degree, and supplier powers. Today ‘s planetary sphere is known as turbulent concern environment. That is why organisations have to constantly alter their patterns to account for changed variables. Furthermore, organisations have to plan flexible eventuality program in their supply concatenation direction that in bend needs some surrogate backup program to run into pressing assignments. Therefore, effectual supply concatenation managing requires sensible estimation of merchandise demand, distance to be travelled, and other cost elements. Pharmaceutical industry was considered as extremely profitable industry that attracted 1000s of companies and aggressive selling tactics. These competitory force per unit areas make the supply concatenation direction processes more hard than of all time. Pharmacy companies are presenting merchandises to infirmaries, wellness attention establishments and pharmaceuticss. Pharmaceutical whole Sellerss are considered as anchor of planetary supply concatenation as they guarantee uninterrupted handiness of drugs. Global pharmaceutical whole Sellerss execute the assorted stages of supply concatenation direction as stock list handling, information flow managing by cognition direction, transit and logistics. The important challenge for pharmaceutical participants is to pull off efficiency and velocity of bringing as it is affair of patient ‘s life economy. US Food and Drug Administration Authority ( FDA ) regulate planetary industry participants. The Authority has made rigorous regulations and guidelines that are barrier to entry. FDA is responsible for public wellness that issues waies for providers and manufacturers that are adhering on them. FDA enforces jurisprudence through Public Health Service Act. The FDA expects from pharmacies to update them about altering regulative demands. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has influential powers that exercising is governments indirectly on pharmaceutical participants. Therefore, pharmaceutical and wellness attention industry rivals have to confront great legal force per unit areas that are endangering to their sustainability. Rivals are efficaciously utilizing e-commerce tools for information flow direction. E-commerce is presenting many chances and challenges for rivals. E-commerce delivers assorted client attention solutions as many wellness attention practicians are rendering on-line wellness attention professional services. Online cognition direction beginnings are possible plus of industry to render efficient client attention. Information direction tools allow wellness attention practicians to continue client informations base that installations to hospital and wellness attention establishments every bit good. Therefore, e-commerce and other cognition direction techniques are basic ingredients of supply concatenation direction. Inventory direction is of import issue in supply concatenation direction. Smart concerns use merely in clip fabrication of goods theoretical account. It aims at fabrication of good at right clip of client demand. It erodes otiose stock list direction issues. Inventory direction system covers competent provider base to run into client ‘s coveted criterion of quality. Transportation and logistics direction require strategic vision in alliance of stock list direction. Transportation determination must be managed at strategic degree to run into client satisfaction and maintaining cost at sensible degree. Therefore, organisation can run into client satisfaction at desirable cost by pull offing smooth manner of transit.3 Research AimsThe research undertaking aims at critical analysis of NHS Glasgow supply concatenation direction. Undertaking would be accomplished by informations aggregation from forces involved in supply concatenation direction. Data related to provide concatenation direction would be collected form NHS Glasgow direction interviews and aggregation of informations from library resources. Our research aims are as follows:Collect informations of NHS Glasgow pharmaceutical company through interviews of company staff.Critically analyze the supply concatenation direction of NHS Glasgow.Conduct SWOT analysis of NHS Glasgow and better suggestions of betterments.Make attractive presentation of pharmaceutical supply concatenation by graphs, charts, and tabular arraies.Conduct literature reappraisal of supply concatenation direction and specifically pharmaceutical supply concatenation direction.Make comparing of surveies on pharmaceutical supply concatenation literature.Conduct comparing of NHS Glasgow and other industry rivals.4 Research QuestionsWhat dimensions have been emerged in supply concatenation direction literature including historical context and development of literature with the transition of clip?What initiatives have been taken at NHS Glasg ow including critical reappraisal and SWOT analysis of supply concatenation direction?Which rival is better in taking supply concatenation direction enterprises in countries as cognition direction, information communicating engineerings, stock list direction, logistics direction, and collaborative activities?5 Research MethodologyThe research will affect two methods. It will consist of primary informations aggregation and secondary informations aggregation. The combination of both methods will give more accurate and relevant information for replying the research inquiries under consideration. The secondary research will get down from the one-year studies of the companies. Some information for pharmaceutical industry enterprises will be collected. This initial secondary research will assist in happening relevant inquiries to be asked for roll uping the cherished informations from primary research. Data aggregation activities chiefly involved NHS Glasgow whereas industry rivals ‘ informations would be collected in order to do comparing. Rivals ‘ supply concatenation analysis would be conducted that assists in deepness critics on literature reappraisal.5.1 Primary Data CollectionPrimary informations aggregation will affect the informations aggregation through interview and questionnaires. For this intent the research will take clip from directors of the relevant companies. The information about the nearby offices of the companies will be sought from their web sites. Interviews will be conducted where it would be possible for research worker to reach directors of companies and take clip from them for carry oning interview. However where due to any ground, research worker would non be able to carry on interview he will administrate questionnaire. Interview will be considered as the most of import and most preferred beginning of primary informations. Interview will be structured so that most of import information that is non available from secondary research can be sought through direct beginnings. We will get down interview with some general type inquiries to do flow of procedure and so bit by bit more specific inquiries will be put frontward. It would be preferred that we get clip of some top direction forces from these organisations so that strategic position of organisations is delivered to us through these interviews. Where we will non be able to carry on interview due to any ground like deficiency of clip, fiscal resources, distance or any foreseen ground we will direct questionnaires. Questionnaires will be designed by maintaining in head the informations collected from secondary research and farther demands of informations to finish the research work in the best mode. The questionnaire will be sent to them through station and a return envelop will be included into the battalion so that most of the questionnaire are returned to the research worker at right reference without any cost of posting the questionnaire back on the organisations. Finally, the informations collected from these interviews and questionnaires will be processed individually for sum uping, and the two sum-ups will be combined to acquire a individual information sum-up for processing and research intent. Interview will be designed maintaining in head the clip restraints on behalf of interviewees and interviewers. Most likely, these interviews will be accomplished in mean continuance of 45 proceedingss. That would neither be excessively little clip to roll up necessary informations nor excessively long to carry through with involvement of both parties. Another of import thing in interview will be the extra information that interviewee will confabulate upon us. This would be really interesting and may open new sphere of informations aggregation for us. We may acquire some really of import information that we may be disregarding. To salvage all of import information from the interview we will enter the interviews utilizing digital recording devices and manual notes of of import points during interview. Recording will be really helpful in recovering of import information and accommodating our notes. Interview and questionnaire will cover largely countries of pharmaceutical supply concatenation in organisations along with latest tendencies and engineerings in client attention and stock list direction. These will be designed to acquire information about information communicating engineerings in supply concatenation direction. Drugs fabrication and direction involves rigorous regulative steps as it is affair of people ‘s lives. Therefore, US FDA and other regulative bureau irresistible impulses would be studied to cognize menaces to industry.5.2 Secondary DataHarmonizing to above prescribed form, secondary research would be done in two parts to back up the research aim. At first half collected would be on following countries as:Pharmaceutical supply concatenation at NHS Glasgow.Ethical deductions in pharmaceutical supply concatenation.Pharmaceutical supply concatenation at Johnson & A ; Johnson, Glaxo smithkline, Pfizer.Pharmaceutical supply concatenation information on studi es and net sites of above described industry rivals.Legal regulations imposed by US Food and Drug Administration Authority and UK regulative bureaus.Voluntary safety steps adopted by pharmaceutical makers.Wayss of legal conformity and revelations of conformity.Standardization of supply concatenation direction by pharmaceutical industry.Any other subject relevant to provide concatenation direction would be considered.Preliminary research would give plenty informations for interviews and questionnaires preparation. After completion of primary research executing secondary research would get down. Primary informations aggregation from interviews and questionnaires would clear up the research vision that will assist in secondary research. Secondary informations aggregation would be harmonized to catalyse the research advancement. Research undertaking would incorporate the combination of primary and secondary informations. Whole information collected would be apportioned into peculiar cou ntries of supply concatenation direction. In order to get down the undertaking, the countries would be defined form research work conducted on diaries and studies by secondary research. Preliminary pharmaceutical supply concatenation direction can be categorized into following countries as:Inventory directionTransportation system and LogisticssConnected installationsKnowledge Management as Information Flow ControlInformation Technology as Collaboration ActivitiesRegulative Measures and Compliance of Industry PlayersStrategic Importance of Supply Chain ManagementSupplier-Organization PartnershipAll these countries of pharmaceutical direction would be considered while carry oning primary and secondary research. Deep research would be done as it seems that few other countries of supply concatenation direction may be emerged due to diversified literature on pharmaceutical supply concatenation direction.6 Literature Review6.1 Historical ContextAdam Smith may be regarded as innovator of efficient supply concatenation direction of today ‘s epoch. He wrote a book named Wealth of Nations in which he elaborated most of import construct of division of labour ( Rees, 2011 ) . He argued that through division of labour efficiency of work can be achieved by specialisation. He said separate the work into smaller units and give each labour on these undertakings, such procedure would take to specialisation. F.W Taylor farther explained the division of labour construct as he argued that labour efficiency can be improved by developing human resource by scientific methods ( Rees, 2011 ) . He emphasized that elaborate set of instructions, supervisory work, and improved preparation tools by scientific methods should be devised to better work procedures. Taylor ‘s work helped the universe of industrialisation mostly and even today ‘s organisations are utilizing his rules efficaciously. Scientific direction theory laid down rules of industrial technology ( Rees, 2011 ) . Scientific direction respects human re source as factors of production that mostly influences the production. Henry Ford was innovator of mass production in autos fabricating. He devised T-model for mass production of autos in efficient mode ( Rees, 2011 ) . Henry efficaciously utilized the Taylor ‘s scientific direction in its assembly line fabrication. Manufacturing sector started to utilize mass production with the aid of scientific direction rules. Pharmaceutical fabrication produces block fellow merchandises by following similar assembly line organisation. Nipponese are discoverers of modern supply concatenation direction ( Rees, 2011 ) . After World War 2nd, Nipponese Companies devised advanced ways of mass production to initiative new moving ridge of industrialisation. Wave of industrialisation generated tendencies of aggressive competition with best in category quality at lowest monetary values ( Rees, 2011 ) . Many celebrated companies and even whole industries went into settlement due to their inabilities of run intoing competition. Competitive force per unit areas make it ne cessary to invent advanced and improved ways of supply concatenation direction. Pharmaceutical industry has faced mass production challenges that have to be met by modern tendencies and techniques of supply concatenation direction ( Rees, 2011 ) .6.2 Supply Chain Management ProcessesSupply concatenation direction is subject of functioning client in improved ways that satisfy it. Supply concatenation direction literature divides supply concatenation methods into different cantonments. First cantonment is acquisition of goods and services for company ‘s fabrication processes. It requires supplier direction by sing inexpensive and quality witting providers ‘ base that is known as buying direction procedure ( Rees, 2011 ) . Second cantonment is called operation direction that is physical transition of natural stuff stock lists into finished goods, which requires effectual accomplishments of planning, programming, and commanding of activities. It farther requires managerial a ccomplishments of activities direction along with harmonizing of internal organisation of undertakings and duties in meeting deadlines ( Rees, 2011 ) . The 3rd cantonment involves concern to concern commercialism and so concern to client commercialism activities that is known as distribution logistics ( Rees, 2011 ) . It requires logistics and transit across the lodgers and supplier-customer relationship direction. Buying direction has to be focused on providers ‘ supply concatenation direction as it mostly influences on company ‘s ain supply concatenation. Operations direction requires managing of production control, stuff control, and stock list direction from reaching to fabrication procedure. Distribution logistics covers assorted stairss of transit and finished goods warehousing and bringing to clients ( Rees, 2011 ) .6.3 Strategic Role of Supply concatenation directionMalayan fabrication endeavors are analyzed on the portion of supply concatenation direction. It ha s been concluded that strategic provider partnership has direct correlativity with concern public presentation and merchandise quality public presentation. Malayan fabrication houses have to undergo many production betterment plans to heighten overall concern public presentation ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Manufacturing companies are confronting aggressive competition challenges that require strategic supply concatenation direction. Strategic supply concatenation direction is necessary to last in planetary sphere. Organizations can retain their fight by efficaciously pull offing supply concatenation ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Researchers demonstrate that supply concatenation direction procedure is possible beginning for concerns to guarantee sustainability at planetary sphere. Organizations like Wal-Mart are doing strategic partnerships with providers to heighten their fight by utilizing supply concatenation direction tools. Different planetary companies are sing supply concate nation direction as chief factor of keeping market sustainability. From 1990s, organisations are acknowledging the importance of supply concatenation direction ( SCM ) as strategic tool but are missing measuring and research parametric quantities in SCM field ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Customer satisfaction and quality of merchandise, clip taken, cost of fabrication and other related costs, stuff and related resources use are regarded as public presentation measuring parametric quantities ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Hence, clip, cost, quality, and plus use should be considered in order to mensurate SCM public presentation. Strategic provider partnership chooses right mix of patterns that supports to overall organisational scheme. Furthermore, smart information system supportive to SCM can heighten organizing activities with external and internal relevant stakeholders ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Researchers argue that SCM has straight improves strategic selling and fiscal public presentation of organisation. Effective SCM scheme catalyzes return on investing and market capitalisation of organisation. Strategic supply concatenation partnership is known as intercrossed organisation that enhances organizing activities ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Collaboration activities are enhanced by hazard and wages sharing, riddance of intermediary costs, resource broad and organisational synergisms, speedy response to market and client demands, and organisational attending on nucleus competences ( Agus & A ; Hassan, 2008 ) . Global pharmaceutical industry participant are seeking to leverage their influence over pl anetary market by doing strategic confederations and corporate synergisms. Pharmaceutical participants should work supply concatenation partnership understandings to heighten market fight by collaborative activities.6.3.1 Strategic importance of supply concatenation directionSupply concatenation direction has high degree of importance at the strategic degree of any organisation. The effectual direction of supply concatenation can give the organisation a competitory advantage. The organisation ‘s competitory scheme can be defined as, how the organisation satisfies its clients through its merchandises and services ( Chopra et al. , 2006 ) . How easy the client can make to acquire these merchandises and services. If the organisation have a good quality merchandises but it out of the scope of client so it may non be valuable for that organisation. On the other side if the of organisation have hapless quality merchandises and services and these are easy accessible it may besides no n heighten the value of that organisation. So every organisation demand to pull off supply concatenation along with production quality to increase the overall value of the house. The value concatenation in any organisation consist of the undermentioned phases, merchandise development phase, selling and gross revenues, operations, distributions or mod of supply and eventually the after gross revenues services. And back uping activities of this value concatenation are finance services, Accounting services, Information system/information engineering and the human resources direction ( Chopra et al. , 2006 ) . If any organisation manages all these activities efficaciously so it will increase the value of the house. If direction fails to pull off any individual activity merely like after gross revenues service or distribution channel so it could be harmful for that organisation ( Chopra et al. , 2006 ) . The value concatenation starts with development of new merchandise which shows the f eatures of the merchandise for the terminal user. Then the following stage selling and gross revenues will bring forth the demand of that merchandise by publicising the merchandise that it will fulfill the client ‘s demands and the selling besides brings back the client ‘s input for development of new merchandise ( Chopra et al. , 2006 ) . By utilizing the client ‘s specifications we moves to operation stage where the development of the merchandise is completed. And so the distribution either takes the merchandise to client or brings the client to the merchandise. Servicess respond to the client petitions during or after the gross revenues. These are the nucleus activities these are must be performed to heighten the value of house. This is the overall attack for any organisation to be successful and its supply concatenation scheme and competitory scheme must be fit together ( Chopra et al. , 2006 ) . All the activities that are portion of organisation ‘s valu e concatenation make their ain part in the success or failure of that organisation. Thus the organisation ‘s success is failure depends on the undermentioned keys:The competitory scheme must be fit with functional scheme to do the overall co-ordinated scheme.The different maps in a organisations must suitably construction their procedures and resources to be able to put to death these schemes successfully.The design of overall supply concatenation and the function of each phase must be aligned to back up the supply concatenation scheme ( Chopra et al. , 2006 ) .6.4 Supply Chain ManagementThe supply concatenation direction is hot issue in present times, which have to be managed expeditiously. Many organisations are intended to pull off it to heighten their gross revenues and cut down their cost. The supply concatenation may affect many organisations as consumer associations, maker, provider, and procurance of natural stuff. Most organisations are willing to follow it because of its penchant over the traditional signifier of production planning and stock list control. Environment has challenged the supply concatenation execution, which needs an intense and specific survey for each application. Many organisations are following the supply concatenation direction as cardinal to their success. It will assist the organisation to cut down costs because of the better stock list control, improved bringing agendas, the JIT stock list direction, switching of our stock list to supplier ‘s direction. Therefore, organisations are following modern theories of stock list direction that assist to provide concatenation direction. Technologies and methodological analysiss adopted for direction of supply concatenation are bring forthing organisational alteration. The success of execution of supply concatenation direction is based on taking right countries to concentrate and understanding the deductions of execution by supply concatenation participants. There are many troubles and complexnesss in execution. That is why we should implement it as an incremental alteration instead than a transformational alteration. Therefore, organisational alteration direction is necessary for market sustainability.6.5 Inventory ManagementIn the traditional supply concatenation stock list direction, maker received the information in the signifier of order. Now in the modern clip by utilizing information engineering maker and client can be synergistic with each other and can inquire about demand and portion about stock list place on timely footing and cheaply. Research by Gerard P. Cachon and Marshall Fisher the value of sharing t hese informations in a theoretical account with one provider, N indistinguishable retail merchants, and stationary stochastic consumer demand. There are inventory keeping costs and back-order punishment costs. They compared the traditional information policy that does non utilize shared information with a full information policy that does work shared information. In a numerical survey they find that supply concatenation costs are 2.2 % lower on norm with the full information policy than with the traditional information policy, and the maximal difference is 12.1 % ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . They besides developed a simulation-based lower edge over all executable policies. The cost difference between the traditional information policy and the lower edge is an upper edge on the value of information sharing. In the same survey, that difference is 3.4 % on norm, and no more than 13.8 % ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . They conclude the value of information sharing with two other advantages of information engineering are faster and cheaper order processing. I.T leads to shorter lead times and smaller batch sizes, severally. In their sample, Cachon and Fisher ( 2000 ) depict the manner to cut lead times that reduces costs by 21 % on norm. Batches order processing reduces costs by 22 % on norm ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . In the eightiess due to increase involvement rates cost of stock list retention is besides increased. It brought a new consciousness of the negative effects of keeping inordinate stock lists. At the average clip the Nipponese introduces a new technique just-in-time stock list system ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . Due to high involvement rates and high stock list keeping cost it becomes really popular. Adoption of this type of stock list system requires efficient supply concatenation direction speedy information flow. In absent of necessary fortunes it is impossible to follow such type of stock list system.6.5.1 Pull offing Inventory HazardsEvery organisation in a supply concatenation bears supply hazard. Organizations use the sweeping monetary value contract as effectual tool to cover stock list hazard. Sweeping monetary value contract can avoid stock list hazard of organisation. Sweeping monetary value contract wholly saves stock list hazard by push contract. There is a individual sweeping monetary value and the retail merchant ; retail merchant orders providers ‘ full supply before the merchandising season whereby retail merchant bears all of the supply concatenation ‘s stock list hazard ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . A pull contract besides has a individual sweeping monetary value, but the provider bears the supply concatenation ‘s stock list hazard because merely the provider holds stock list while the retail merchant takes that when he needed during the season. An advance-purchase price reduction has two sweeping monetary values: a discounted monetary value for stock list purchased before the season and a regular monetary value for taking stock list during the merchandising season ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . Now makers allow purchase price reduction for retail merchants for the interest of stock list hazard that the retail merchants bear on the stock list ordered before the season. If they would non order the stock list in off seaso n so they would hold to pay premium to makers on the stock list produced by them in off season. It is found that the efficiency of a individual sweeping monetary value contract is well higher than antecedently thought every bit long as organisations consider both push and pull contracts ( Cachon & A ; Fisher, 2000 ) . But in world it overstate the value of implementing organizing contracts because organizing contracts are compared against an inappropriate comparative ( push contract ) .If the organisations besides consider advance-purchase price reductions, which are besides simple to pull off, so it may be profitable for them. Therefore, we can reason that how the allotment of stock list hazard impact on the supply concatenation efficiency.6.6 Transportation and LogisticssLogisticss is the motion transit stage of supply concatenation direction that involves material acquisition, repositing of stuff and finished goods. Logisticss covers acquisition of client order and executing of s ame by cost effectual means that enhances profitableness. Logisticss has to follow the prevailing market trends or it may perfectly travel against current patterns to present client satisfaction. Logisticss and transit subdivision of supply concatenation executes be aftering and organisation of all activities. Most of import portion of logistics is direction of relationships with clients and providers whereby organisation has to move as intermediary party. Logistics direction depends on directors ‘ expertness in taking most suited mix of combination.6.7 Information Flow6.7.1 Impact of I.T on Coordination MechanismsNow it is clip of competition with the promotion in engineerings. At the average clip those organisations are successful and extremely competitory who change them with alteration in engineerings and follow latest engineering. In supply concatenation direction latest engineering can assist the organisation to react the clients need efficaciously due to the integrating and coordination between different parties. The recent development in information engineerings has a immense affect on the whole supply rhythm ( Haghighat, 2008 ) . Effective direction of information flows between supply and distribution spouses may be interactive and can supply a net income to each supply concatenation member. Supply concatenation members are frequently separate and independent entities, cardinal issue in supply concatenation direction is to develop a mechanism that can aline their nonsubjective and organizing their activities to maximise the public presentation of system ( Haghighat, 2008 ) . The effectual coordination of activities and direction of supply concatenation can give the competitory border to the organisation that can convey extra values to clients ( Haghighat, 2008 ) . Organizations can make a mechanism with the usage of information engineering to pull off the information and merchandise flow. Web and cyberspace is a major tool to organize the inform ation flows between different supply concatenation members. Supply concatenation consist of providers, makers and clients, all these members are placed on the same web for the interest of better communicating and coordination with each other ( Haghighat, 2008 ) . Effective coordination can assist to cut down the lead clip and cost, alliance of independent determination devising and eventually better the public presentation of all the supply concatenation members ( Haghighat, 2008 ) .6.7.2 Enhancing Information Flow in a Retail Supply ChainRFID ( Radio-Frequency Identification ) engineering and the EPC ( Electronic Product Code ) enable information to flux in a Business-to-Business electronic commercialism. Business to concern e-commerce is necessary for industry growing and profitableness. B2B e-commerce communicating is sing RFID and EPC engineerings. These engineerings are heightening concern client response. B2B e-commerce would besides catalyse B2C e-commerce that is straight go od for consumers ( Haghighat, 2008 ) . Information communicating engineerings ( ICT ) have revolutionized in concern universe. These engineerings are enabling concerns to react to clients in better and improved ways ( Haghighat, 2008 ) . Customer is much busy of today ‘s modern universe that is demanding speedy response from concerns. These ICTs are giving competitory border in planetary sphere. These engineerings non merely heighten client response but catalyze internal flow of information communicating.6.7.3 Collaborative cognition direction modelThe designation of ends, aims and doing policies are all the procedure of supply concatenation direction. Supply concatenation direction is the efficient integrating of organisations which comprises the work group to run into the nonsubjective production and distribution precisely harmonizing to client ‘s demand ( Hernandez et al. , 2008 ) . This is merely possible by sharing the right information amongst the members of supply concatenation. Supply concatenation direction comprises the activities of all organisation from procurance of natural stuff to the bringing of the merchandise to clients ( Hernandez et al. , 2008 ) . Similarly, efficient determination doing about these activities at all degrees like strategic, tactical and operational are necessary to present needed merchandise, service to add value to clients and other stakeholders ( Hernandez et al. , 2008 ) . The strength of relationship between supply concatenation members and the extent of coordination across the supply concatenation are two chief facets of supply alteration direction ( Hernandez et al. , 2008 ) .6.7.4 Breaks in information FlowSupply concatenation integrating as a technique of value add-on that is merely possible due to regular flow of existent clip and accurate information from client to maker. The fabrication of ideal merchandise harmonizing to client ‘s demand is non possible if the break in flow of information occur s in the supply concatenation. This break in information from client to maker frequently causes to decrease in gross revenues gross due to loss of clients. Supply concatenation direction is the coordination of organisations in a concatenation, a small spot break in supply concatenation causes the important lessening in organisation ‘s public presentation. If the organisations fail to efficaciously incorporating and pull off the supply concatenation so it may do important decrease of efficiency. Competitive environment can non digest misdirection of supply concatenation that in bend increases the uncertainness in market outlook. The loss of gross due to uncomplete orders is the important beginning of loss to the supply concatenation which is usually unmanaged ( Munoz & A ; Clements, 2008 ) . Computer simulation engineering can analyse chance costs from the terminal client rapidly that can cut down important cost to the overall supply concatenation ( Munoz & A ; Clements, 2008 ) . Information hold is straight relative to detain in supply concatenation procedure that in bend outputs same degree of loss to concern. The built-in flexibleness of simulation can be used to foreground the degrees of chance costs from lost gross revenues in complex supply ironss ( Munoz & A ; Clements, 2008 ) . By measuring the lessening in gross under different supply concatenation constructions concern will happen a better thought of lessening in gross on the supply concatenation ( Munoz & A ; Clements, 2008 ) .6.7.5 Measuring information deformation in real-worldStructure of information and flow of information are the basic compon ent of supply concatenation direction. The advancement of supply concatenation direction chiefly depends on the quality of information. Distortion of information, either deliberately or accidentally, when it flows through supply concatenation causes to destruct its quality of its component relationship. â€Å"Managing supply ironss efficaciously is a complex and disputing task† .The information deformation is the long term job in the supply concatenation direction. Information communicating literature does non depict appropriate definition of information deformation. Supply concatenation direction literature is sing get the better ofing the job of information deformation in communicating. Harmonious flow of information is necessary in supply concatenation rhythm. Communication of information is important measure in supply concatenation, without proper communicating rhythm can non carry through in coveted mode. Communication literature describes assorted types of deformation as proficient, environmental, psychological noise. Technical deformation takes topographic point in medium in which communicating takes topographic point. Environmental deformation or noise prevails among milieus of communicating topographic point. Psychological deformation is perceptual prejudice of transmitter or encoder ( Niranjan et al. , 2011 ) . Psychological prejudice is most ambitious as perceptual experience can non be changed. Environmental and proficient deformati on can be eliminated but psychological deformation or perceptual prejudice can non. Psychological prejudice requires appropriate preparation of staff. Although information deformation can be overcome up to certain extent but it can non be eliminated due to ineluctable fortunes ( Niranjan et al. , 2011 ) . Therefore, information deformation should be handled by appropriate preparation of interpersonal communicating of staff. Furthermore, right degree of information communicating at right clip is of import for successful supply concatenation direction. Example of Procter and Gamble is quoted that client placed order to supplier higher than demand that was job of apprehension ( Niranjan et al. , 2011 ) . It means that inaccurate understanding causes barrier to provide concatenation direction rhythm. Cognition is wisdom of individual based on his or her old cognition and apprehension ( Niranjan et al. , 2011 ) . Cognition plays of import function in information communicating engineering. Cognition of individual improves with cognition and apprehension of milieus. Cognitive misinterpretation causes order discrepancy jobs that in bend disturb the logistics direction. Cognitive jobs can originate by excessively much information or small than needed information. Therefore, cognitive is another of import factor that exhibit information deformation in supply concatenation direction processes. ( Niranjan et al. , 2011 )6.8 Facilities6.8.1 IT AdoptionIT is assisting pharmaceutical makers to manage all supply concatenation procedures. Pharmac eutical companies have learnt the fact that in order to achieve competitory border they must pull off stock list at sensible degree ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 ) . Desirable degree of stock list can be managed with the aid of online integrated solutions. Enterprise resource be aftering solutions can work out incorporate supply concatenation issues ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 ) . Intra-organizational integrating is non adequate instead inter-organizational coordination is important in current planetary sphere. Oracle, SAP and SAS are deriving popularity with the transition of clip. Hence, these integrated solutions confirm internally and externally the coordination and coaction of activities. ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 ) Information engineering facilitates in provider relationship and integrating. I.T works out the customer-organization-supplier relationship mechanism that assures seasonably bringing to client. The type of collaborative networking depends on nature of concern in which an organisation is engaged ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 ) . For case, I.T industry requires high degree of provider integrating due to intense outsourcing options. Today ‘s concerns can non win without internal and external collaborative activities ( Simchi-Levi et al. , 2003 ) . Supplier relationship direction ( SRM ) is necessary portion of supply concatenation direction that makes available provider on demand. Customer relationship direction ( CRM ) confirms or prognosiss client demands and responds consequently. Organizations are seeking to incorporate SRM and CRM to organize in better ways to run into client demands.6.8.2 Forecasting of Information QualitySCM literature adds the dimension of prognosis informat ion quality ( FIQ ) .forecast information quality aims at prediction of client demand and other connected information. Supplier forecasts client information and besides lament to guarantee quality of forecasted information ( Forslund & A ; Jonsson, 2007 ) . FIQ mostly impact over supply concatenation direction procedure. It we say that whole rhythm of supply concatenation direction is based on prediction of information so it would be rather right. Therefore, quality of forecasted information confidence is necessary in information flow of supply concatenation direction. Researchers developed the FIQ measuring instrument to meet the quality issues. 136 Swedish companies are taken to analyse the FIQ ( Forslund & A ; Jonsson, 2007 ) . Research surveys demonstrate that organisations conduct information prediction but proportion of quality confidence is low ( Forslund & A ; Jonsson, 2007 ) . Inadequate information informations base acts every bit barrier to quality confidence. Information calculating influences on stock list direction determinations ( Forslund & A ; Jonsson, 2007 ) . Incorrect information estimations can falsify harmonious stock list flow. Finished goods stock list has direct exposure of information prediction ( Forslund & A ; Jonsson, 2007 ) . Therefore, quality confidence of forecasted information is necessary in harmonious supply concatenation direction that in bend influences cost and profitableness. ( Forslund & A ; Jonsson, 2007 ) .6.8.3 ISO for supply concatenation directionISO is a planetary web that identifies what criterions are required by concerns, authoritiess and societies ( Branch, 2009 ) .. And so develop the criterions in cooperation with the users of these criterions. These criterions are non compulsory to follow. The organisation can follow it voluntarily to heighten their credibleness in the market ( Branch, 2009 ) .. ISO is a market leader in planetary supply concatenation direction. Supply concatenation direction includes the p rocedure of transit of goods from the point of beginning to the concluding finish. It incorporates a series of relationship between different types of houses, merely like provider of natural stuff, makers, retail merchants and eventually the terminal user ( Branch, 2009 ) .. ISO/PAS 2800:2005 is developed to pull off the security system in supply concatenation direction. It includes ISO/PAS 28001 best patterns for detention in supply concatenation direction it besides enables the organisation to follow the best patterns prepared by World Customs Organization. And ISO/PAS 28004 includes the security direction system for supply concatenation ( Branch, 2009 ) .. The most of import portion of supply concatenation direction is the choice procedure of providers and duty of buying determination ( Branch, 2009 ) .. We can utilize ISO 9001:2000 as supply concatenation direction excessively ; it is the choice criterion that requires the quality direction system. If organisation chooses ISO 90 01:2000 registered provider it means that supply claims that he comply that he meets choice criterions required in the production procedure ( Branch, 2009 ) .. On the other side ISO 9001:2001 does non place the demands of goods or services that user wants to buy ( Branch, 2009 ) .6.9 SCM in Pharmaceutical IndustryCustomer is funny to lifting wellness attention costs that mostly constitute of pharmaceutical supply subdivision. Quality confidence of wellness attention supply concatenation is necessary for salvaging lives of people. Health attention providers have to supplant wellness of people and subsidiary to fiscal concern. Health attention organisations are acute to take down down increasing costs by effectual use of resources at optimal degree. Organizations are utilizing determination support techniques to better organisation of pharmaceutical supply concatenation. This peculiar survey purposes at fulfilling issues of infirmary industry supply concatenation. The chief job in sup ply concatenation of pharmaceutics is deficiency of coaction among different stakeholders. Pharmaceutical supply concatenation demands to do effectual ends that should be acceptable to everyone. Decision support information system is preferred at all degrees of organisation. Decision support tools address strategic, tactical, and operational direction in conformity with nature of operations. These determination support tools enhance measure and quality of information. Automated system in pharmaceutical supply concatenation ensures desirable flow of information. Decision support tools aid directors to carry on quantitative appraisal of aims and invent solutions. Operational stock list direction utilizes lower limit and maximal points of pharmaceutical stock list that helps in effectual stock list direction ( Woosley, 2009 ) . Automated controls steadily pull off the stock list re-ordering, repositing and production direction issues at operational direction ( Woosley, 2009 ) . At operational direction determination support I.T tools pull off the safety stock and repositing of same ( Woosley, 2009 ) . Tactical direction is able to pull off order size, reorder point, and costing and rates allocation. Strategic determination support tools account for trade-offs and chance cost of sing from options. Decision support system facilitates the top direction in taking best profitable options of stock list supply concatenation ( Woosley, 2009 ) .6.9.1 The Need for StandardsPharmaceutical supply concatenation direction needs institutionalization. It would guarantee quality criterions to regulate pharmaceutical supply concatenation. GSI and EPC planetary are doing criterions for supply concatenation direction. These comprehensive criterions would see alone points, storage issues of alone points. These patterns and policies would guarantee engineering engagement in packaging and storage ( Veri Sign Inc. , 2006 ) Standardization should explicate countries of supply concatenation direction ; do criterion for these countries individually and organize these activities ( Veri Sign Inc. , 2006 ) . Significant research and development is needed to acknowledge item-level informations sharing along with provider concern dealingss direction. Data unity needs to be confirmed when pharmaceutical industry has to manage multi-tier supply concatenation. Therefore, standardisation of informations unity and item-level informations acknowledgment should be executed to harmonise the supply concatenation direction rhythm. ( Veri Sign Inc. , 2006 )6.9.2 International Competitiveness and Cold-Chain ManagementIndian pharmaceutical companies are battling at planetary degree to heighten their market portion. Well established cold-chain direction system needs to set up to vie at planetary sphere ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 ) . Indian pharmaceutical supply concatenation direction is endeavoring to invent cold storage and supply concatenation to guarantee quality during cargo. Eli Lilly has implemented good known cold supply concatenation direction that is carried out by company ‘s ain fleet of vehicles equipped with cold storage installations ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 ) . World Courier has sophisticated cold-chin supply direction for pharmaceutical points passenger car. ( Langer & A ; Kelkar, 2008 )6.9.3 Mexican Pharmaceutical Markets6.9.3.1 Pharmaceutical ConsumersIf we compare pharmaceutical disbursals of the Mexican with USA and Germany we got that in pharmaceutical outgos by one individual is 60.6 USD per annum for Mexicans as compared with in Germany it is 275 USD per annum and in USA it is 553.9USD per individual in one twelvemonth. Reason of this immense difference is unequal distribution of income and of high poorness rate in Mexico. It is besides valuable that public funding in wellness outgos is less than the private funding. Average 72 % of wellness cost should be covered by p ublic funding as standard set by OECD. Mexico is one of three OECD member states where private funding is the major beginning of wellness cost that should be covered by public funding. The Mexican pharmaceutical market is divided into two parts. One is to function rich peoples known as â€Å"state of the art† and the 2nd is to function hapless public known as â€Å"Similares† . One immense difference between US and Mexican market is the control on prescription at consumer degree. Peoples prescribe medical specialty for themselves alternatively of traveling at the doctor ‘s clinic. That ‘s why usage of the generic medical specialties is norm in the Mexico. On the other manus in USA pharmaceuticals are merely sold on prescription of doctor ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . Therefore, Mexicans pharmaceutical supply concatenation is badly disturbed by unequal distribution of wealth, deficiency of public funding, and rearward substructure. There besides non a good control on supply of pharmaceuticals because the major portion of market is in the manus of few peoples. 60 % of market portion is in the manus of merely three retail merchants holding a big figure of distribution mercantile establishments across the Mexico ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . It may make a sense of monopoly to command the tendency of market. It may make a menace to independency of pharmaceutical market. Common pattern of these retail merchants is to increase the market portion by offering price reductions ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . The retail merchant of Similes is a different type of market with their ain retailing system. The supply to populace is besides controlled by few providers. Overall it can be concluded that there is no good control over supply of pharmaceuticals in both public sector and private sector. The staying major clients of pharmaceutical are the private infirmaries and public establishments. Public establishment includes the infirmaries of ministry of wellness, oil bring forthing companies, and societal security establishments ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . One most surprising thing is that merely two pharmaceutical companies amongst all others exports to US. On the other manus NAFTA has led to the important addition in Mexican exports to the North America in general, but this is inauspicious instance with the with pharmaceuticals. The ground behind this is that the Mexican subordinates have to be licensed with the US Food and Drug Administration, which may non be really expensive ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . Therefore, demand of supply concatenation is headed by few monopolies that are working the rights of general populace.6.9.3.2 Pharmaceutical SuppliersThe pharmaceutical market of Mexico is one of nine biggest markets of the whole universe with 6.2 billion gross revenues. Mexic an market is non merely recognized merely because of its domestic market it besides has signed NAFTA and other free trade understandings which approximately 30 states. In the Mexican market there are 390 makers of pharmaceuticals merchandises ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . Out of 390 makers merely 9 % have the portion of 80 % of entire gross revenues. And no any company has more than 9 % portion of market. The 10 biggest makers represent 40 % of entire gross revenues gross ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . That ‘s why all the planetary pharmaceuticals manufacturers are intended to put in Mexico. The makers should keep a healthful licence that can register pharmaceuticals merchandises for import and sale in Mexico. Most transnational pharmaceuticals have their subordinates in the Mexico and moreover lower rewards and free trade understandings with other states attracts to transnational pharmaceuticals makers to put in Mexico. Multinational pharmaceutical companies in Mexico have to make lim ited operations like production, selling and distribution merchandises. Core section in pharmaceuticals makers is the research development section which may be in their place states ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . The production of generic medical specialties is cut downing. Now less than 3 % of the entire market is held by companies bring forthing generics merchandises. Now merely 100 companies are fabricating and provision of generics to the authorities sector ( Lutz Kaufmann, 2005 ) . Therefore, on supply side monopolies are keeping significant market portion to work high profitableness. Although Mexican pharmaceutical market is attractive to pharmaceutical MNCs but this state of affairs is non desirable to consumers. Monopolies are exerting their undue influence unethically.7 Implementation ProgramExecution agenda is presented demoing aggregation of secondary informations to acquire cognize how about necessary variables. Questionnaires and interviews are prepared based on ab initio collected informations. Primary research conducted would explicate vision of research undertaking. Then secondary research would be conducted based on guidelines rendered by primary research information tools. C ompilation of secondary and primary research informations would do research undertaking effectual. In study readying stage, informations would be consecutive ordered to do it visually attractive and apprehensible.Gantt Chart for Research ReportNo.Undertaking Phase20112012JunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan1Collection of Initial Secondary Data2Preparation of Interviews and Questionnaire3Primary Research4Compilation and Summary of Collected Data from Primary Research5Secondary Research Second Phase6Arranging and showing of informations for Fixing Report7Report Drafting8Review and Presentation8 DecisionAdam Smith pioneered the supply concatenation direction construct by division of labour. Fredrick W. Taylor laid down the thought of scientific direction. His scientific direction construct became so popular that it gave birth to industrialisation. Scholars argue that today ‘s organisations are besides working the scientific direction rules. Taylor said that make invention in organisational p rocedures by scientific direction regulations. Nipponese are laminitiss of modern supply concatenation direction mechanism. They implemented merely in clip fabrication in their production processes. This theory aims at bring forthing goods at right clip when client merely demands it. It revolutionized the industrialisation ; organisations curtailed their fabrication disbursals by extinguishing excess stock list loads. It besides supports the entire quality direction theory as organisations update their stock list whenever tendency changes that in bend enhances quality. Supply concatenation direction has attained strategic importance due to globalisation and regional trade understandings that in bend attract foreign direct investing. Globalized forces are determining concern and economic tendencies. These tendencies have generated immense competition that created menace to survival. Survival is possible by virtuousness of corporate synergisms and strategic confederations. Supplier versus organisation partnership understandings are known as corporate synergisms and strategic confederations that are catalysing collaborative activities. These collaborative activities are necessary for organisation ‘s sustainability. Wal-Mart illustration is ideal for supplier partnership collaborative activities. Wal-Mart portions hazards and wagess with providers that harmonize supply concatenation direction processes by extinguishing redundancies and excess costs. Organization and supplier both get satisfied signifier strategic partnership. Supply concatenation direction has of import component of cognition direction that smoothes out the information flow. Organizations are concerned to extinguish information deformation that acts every bit barrier to information communicating engineerings. Information communicating engineerings have become so ambitious moving every bit chance every bit good as menace. Information engineering epoch has made it hard to retain confidentiality of information that is competitory border of organisation. However, inventory direction is another challenge for organisation that accounts for information prediction. Information prediction needs choice confidence of forecasted information. In contrast, transit and logistics is non less burden on organisation as portion of supply concatenation direction. International logistics are indispensable portion of organisational strategic direction. Furthermore, logistics direction has to guarantee executing of client order at optimal net incomes. Organizations should get down enterprises of strategic collaborative activities to guarantee synergism. Global degree sustainability can be ensured by information sharing and coordinating activities. Organizations can achieve integrating of attempts by endeavor resource be aftering systems that can move as span between client relationship direction ( CRM ) and supplier dealingss direction ( SRM ) systems. Supplier-organization partnership understandings can move as great incentives for internal and external stakeholders in retaining competitory border. NHS Glasgow has to use on-line communicating tools for client attention as it would ease client in better manner. Customer becomes satisfied by deriving on demand wellness attention consultancy solutions. NHS Glasgow can render planetary degree wellness attention services. Crucial measure for company is to command wellness attention costs that comes in the signifier of drug supply concatenation.

Child Labor Essay

The Industrial Revolution set off an assortment of new improvements that were open to disasters. To begin, there was an increase of food supply. Not much of money was spent on food as it normally would have been, it was spent on manufactured goods too. Now that there was a demand for manufactured goods, there was a demand for workers also. Better agricultural technology left many farmers without jobs. That was not much of a problem because these workers could take the jobs in factories to operate the new machines that were previously invented. These former farming families had to move to cities, while contributing to the new urbanization occurring. Except, when the families moved, the parents were not the only ones put to work in factories, children were too. To avoid a life of poverty, children had to work in sweatshops, mines, or in the same factories as the rest of their family. The events that led up to child labor did not intend to turn into anything vicious. However, as time went on, everything about child labor turned nonsensical. Money was not distributed as it should have been. Working out of home came with a dozen disadvantages. These elements both fabricated unpleasant consequences and insufficient laws. Despite few arguments in support of child labor, it was ultimately unreasonable due to the unfair exchange of work and money, repulsive working conditions, and harmful effects it had in the long run, which eventually resulted in laws against this atrocity. Children working started off by doing minor chores to help out around the house. Parents needed the assistance, and it was not as if the chores were anything outrageous, so there were not many complaints. 2 In fact, most adults generally agreed upon children working. 3 Once children were of age, which was usually around five years old, they did whatever they could. 4 The young kids aided in family cottage industries or working in the fields. As they got older, their tasks alternated. 5 6 According to Alex Fyfe, who wrote an article on child labor, some of these more difficult tasks for teenagers included â€Å"learning trading techniques that could be beneficial in the future. 7 These techniques could involve the basics on how to trade so that he or she was enhancing more than the other person. The children could carry these methods to further generations to ensure families received enough money. Eventually, instead of just working at home, children began going to work in factories, mines, or sweatshops in order to get paid. 8 This settlement was an important economic gain families had to have.

The Devil in the White City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Devil in the White City - Essay Example many as 200) and the World Fair that was going on at the time in the same city produces a vivid picture of America that presents both its best and its worst sides. The two stories, of creation and destruction, come together to create a whole: The so-called Gilded Age of American history was indeed a time of remarkable productivity. After the damage and chaos of the civil war a sudden spurt of energy occurred throughout America, but especially in Northern and mid-Western cities such as Chicago. An echo of the English Industrial Revolution that had transformed Britain a century before, American industry blossomed, and with it is cities. However, as Larson suggests, along with the growth of great cities with populations measured in the millions comes the anonymity, strangeness and loneliness associated with them. Holmes was both a product of these tendencies, and also took advantage of them. His comments regarding his own moral state, while melodramatic, may also encapsulate the great battle that was occurring between Labor (ie. individual human beings) and Capital (the great productive force) that was producing highly efficient, but somehow inhuman cities: While obviously self-serving, Holmes brings up an important factor – the sense of powerlessness within the modern cities as the battle between Labor and Capital played out. The idea of creation is vital within the book, in the sense of an industrial construction of various worlds that both clash with and yet strangely compliment one another. Thus, Daniel Burnham struggles against an unforgiving landscape (swamps) and government bureaucracy to see his dream rise above the city; and all the while Homes is building (and then secretly adapting) his torture and murder house. The fact that Holmes was a Doctor of Medicine adds a further layer of irony to the book. A person trained to help and cure people, who one might expect would be least likely to actually enjoy doing the opposite, enjoys doing just that.

British Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

British Literature - Essay Example s misogyny has been the focus of various critics in literature as he exhibited unconcealed and deliberate hatred against women, which can be accounted as one of the reasons for which Eve has been manifested as inferior to Adam and expressed in the following lines when Adam asked God: â€Å"O! why did God, Creator wise! That Peopl’d highest Heaven with spirits masculine, create at last, this Novelty on Earth, this fair defect of Nature? And not fill the world at once with men, as Angels without Feminine? (10: 881-89). These thoughts clearly revealed as if Milton had achieved the patent to hold Eve entirely responsible for the sin of disobeying the order of God. The character of Eve was not that of her own as she was created from a part of the body of Adam. Although, women of today can express their righteous anger and resentment towards the portrayal of Eve, it can be said that the social milieu during the time of Milton was responsible for her character being typified as weak when compared to that of Adam to a certain extent. It is true that Milton’s description of the relationship between Adam and Eve succinctly touches the tones of synchronization; however, the coordination is largely based on inequalities between them. The explanations bear clarified testimonies to Milton’s conception of heterosexual love in his times as he has always preferred to mention the society which was essentially patriarchal in nature although his explanations have also remained nebulous in certain instances. Therefore, the sexism or inequality between Adam and Eve is also revealed in his depiction of Eve and her dual crime towards God and Adam (Corns 71-73). There are various instances in Paradise Lost in which the sexist tendencies of Milton are more blatant and compatible with Bible: â€Å"For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, for as much as he is the glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man. For the man is not of the woman; but the woman of the man. Neither was

Treaty of Sevres And The Founding of Modern Turkey Essay

Treaty of Sevres And The Founding of Modern Turkey - Essay Example On 12th February 1920, the Ottoman parliament was forced to shut down after their regular session ended. The parliament was thereby abolished a month later on 18th March 1920. Neither the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI Vahdeddin was able to ratify this agreement in parliament five months later, nor could the official newspaper (Takvim-i-Vakayi) publish its details. It was decided that the Ottoman Empire would be represented by four signatories during the signing at Sevres near Paris. However, prior to the ratification, the Turkish War of Independence forced the former wartime Allies to re-negotiate, re-sign and ratify the new Treaty of Lausanne 1923. The terms of the treaty broadly outlined changes to three different areas of land controlled by the Ottomans – Middle East, Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire. Armenia and Hejaz (now a part of Saudi Arabia) were given their independence. Kurdistan was to be given independence with Mosul (the Kurdish vilayet) joining independent Kurdistan. The wartime Sykes-Picot Agreement assigned Mesopotamia and Palestine to the United Kingdom as mandated states. Lebanon and most of Syria was given to France under a mandate as well. Nine-year Italian-occupied Dodecanese and Rhodes including portions of southern Anatolia were given to Italy completely. Greece was given Thrace and Western Anatolia including the crucial port of Izmir or Smyrna. The remaining Bosphorus, Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara were demilitarized and internationalized as part of the Sevres Treaty.

Healthcare Management Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Research Paper

Healthcare Management Centers for Medicare and Medicaid - Research Paper Example care has other responsibilities which include the standards for administrative simplification from the (Cms.gov, 2014) Accountability Act of 1996 and (Allgov.com, 2014) Health Insurance Portability. It also has another responsibility for worth standards in durable health care facilities through its certification process and survey (Cms.gov, 2014) process, quality standards for clinical laboratory under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments as well as oversight of HealthCare.gov. (Allgov.com, 2014) The Medicare together with Medicaid programs were contracted into law on 30th July 1965 (Cms.gov, 2014). LBJ who was the president by then is seen at the signing ceremony during independence at the Truman library in Missouri (Cms.gov, 2014). Truman who was the former president is also pictured seated beside him. President LBJ held the ceremony there in honor of the leadership of President Truman on health insurance. He had first proposed it in 1945. The most important legislative modification to Medicare referred to as the Medicare Modernization Act was as well signed into law by (Cms.gov, 2014) President George W. Bush (Cms.gov, 2014) from Texas, on 8th December 2003. This historic legislation is of significance to the outpatient as it adds the outpatient’s drug prescription advantage to Medicare and it also leads to many other significant changes (Cms.gov, 2014). A number of changes have been implemented (Cms.gov, 2014) to Center for Medical services programs since 1965 (Cm s.gov, 2014). In addition, the agencies that are concerned with the implementation of these programs have also changed (Cms.gov, 2014).The head of the Center for Medical services programs is as well the Administrator of the Center for both the Medicaid and Medicare Services (Cms.gov, 2014). This position of leadership is appointed by the president and the Senate confirms it. The Center for Medicare Services hires a total of approximately 4,100 employees 2,700 (Cms.gov, 2014) of the

Banking policy in Burma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Banking policy in Burma - Essay Example The indigenous banks of Burma were not started, until after the county’s independence in 1948.The banks that started operations in Burma during the colonial times, targeted the export trade of rice. They centralized their operations around Rangoon, engaging mainly in Chettiar lending, except a few like Dawson’s bank, which exited Burma after the 1942 invasion by the Japanese (Econ 335 a). Remarkable in the philosophical and the ideological banking profile of colonial Burma, are the exchange banks, which initiated western banking services at Burma. These exchange banks trace their origins to the trading firms of Burma, which mediated the commercial dealings of Burma with the outside world – throughout the nineteenth century. These firms include the Wallace Brothers, which was a remarkable example of the transition from being merchants, towards assuming the role of merchant bankers. By the end of the 19th century, the traders and the merchants that had operated as banks across the British Empire, either converted or left business for international banks. Most of these banks were headquartered at London, including Lloyds Bank and the National Bank of India (Econ 335 a). Most of the banks did not engage in the service of the entire population, particularly the countryside, but focused on the financing of rice trade, among a few other commodities at Rangoon. The finances of these banks were mostly outsourced from outside Burma, particularly London; the banks, later diversified towards the collection of deposits from European professionals, managers, and Burmese and Indian traders. The banking sector of colonial Burma was characterized by trade finance and the sale of bills of exchange. The bill of exchange is among the finance tools that revolutionized international trade during the nineteenth century; the instrument allowed exporters to receive the value of their exports, immediately after the sale of the exports, and in the local currency. The service was offered by exchange banks, which marked a reduction in the risks borne by exporters and importers; it also increased their access to credit. The bills of exchange were a short-term credit instrument, ordinarily 60 days, and not longer than 90 days. Banking institutions like the British banks, concentrated in the provision of financial services, and funding to businesses, particularly European as well as the colonial administration and its agencies. For instance, the Imperial bank offered wholesale financing to Chettairs, thus was an import financier of the Burmese agricultural sector. Despite the dominance of British banks, non-British exchange banks like Citibank started their operations in Asia, during 1812. The bank started its operations at Rangoon in 1919. For example, some Chinese banks arrived into Burma, immediately after the completion of Burma Road, in 1938 targeting the upcoming opportunities (Econ 335 a). There was the rise of Burmese banks, including  "U Rai Gyaw Thoo and Dawson’s Bank†. Dawson’s Bank was started in 1905, with the role of assisting Burmese agricultural players, so that they could free their lands from Indian-money-tenders. The local banks sought closeness to the farmers, so that they would ensure that they would get cheap credit, and, so that the banks would ensure that they used the money for the specified purpose. U Rai Gyaw Thoo was among the first Burmese-operated and owned bank, which grew out of shipping, trading and money lending. There

Evaluation Questions and Data Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation Questions and Data Collection - Essay Example The task becomes formidable when the ultimate objects of the evaluation are latchkey children. An abandoned child lacking the custody and care of the natural parental environment cannot find satisfactory solace and nurture in an attention span of a few hours. Child rearing is a 24 hours job. Since the evaluation is undertaken for children facing deprivation and their neighborhood, the stakeholders cannot but be those largely based in the locality. Thus, the stakeholders comprise the school whose facilities are being used for the purpose of after-school care for the target children, the school authorities, the ministry of education, the parents of the regular students, child psychologists, donors and well-wishers of the school, and all others who have personal interest in the school such as former students. (Report on the causes of poverty and Civil Society Recommendations for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in Montenegro) The first evaluation questionnaire is addressed to the stakeholders in order to get their views to what extent they are prepared to go to fill the gap necessary to restore normalcy in the children's lives. A group discussion is ideal for the purpose of eliciting view from a group of 12-15 individuals representing different segment of the stakeholders. The questionnaire will dwell on personal information to begin with like name, age, sex, occupation, marital status, number of children, and move on to areas of interest like favorite sports, extra curricular activities, club membership. Thereafter, questions addressing the objectivity of the evaluation and seeking information on the stakeholder's personal involvement with any children's organization, local or international and since how long, must be included. One or two direct questions asking if they are ready for adoption must also be included. Since financial needs meet only a part of the deprived child's requirement, questions desiring information on the amount of time the stakeholder is capable of spending with the child or children must also find place in the framework. Undoubtedly, the exercise is intended to not only involve individuals but also the entire community. The issue of latchkey students impacts the entire community because it assumes social implications. The consequence of ignoring deprived children has all too often proved disastrous with criminal elements only too ready to accept them for their own ignoble purposes. (David A. Dzewaltowski et al) Questions for the deprived children The framework to fix questionnaire for evaluation and data collection of latchkey students is complex and challenging for the simple reason no two child are alike. One deprived student may be doing exceptionally well in studies, while another may be normal or mediocre. It is in

An Analysis of the Current and Future use of Internet Technologies of Essay

An Analysis of the Current and Future use of Internet Technologies of YouTube - Essay Example The website through this new layout is able to avoid the clustered view, which its other competitors are displaying. The company has taken effective and timely measures to maximise the opportunities presented by m-commerce. Although the company has problems with regards to its database maintenance and high cost of streaming videos, but still then it can minimise these losses by selling the viewer data that it has extracted through its website. However, the company is very effectively employing its e-marketing mix and as a result it has been able to establish strong brand equity and brand awareness. The company in order to keep its growth going needs to encourage its community to add more interesting video to the website. The way the company has used its strategic alliances with other companies has been exceptional. It not only has added more viewers to its website but also it has created a new utility for its website. It has show the world how online medium can be integrated with tel evision technology; it has show the world how election campaigns can be run on the internet and most importantly it has given its customers new audiences. Background of YouTube: In 2005, founders of YouTube registered the domain name and URL for the website and initiated its Beta phase. The site was meant for other businesses to embed their videos on this forum. Looking at the profitability potential of the websites concept, Sequoia Capital invested the company $3.5 million. Before its official launch in December 2005, the website was already generating traffic of 8 million viewers (The Telegraph, 2010). The website enabled viewers to share their favourite videos, watch and discover new videos. The website was receiving 100 million video views per day and simultaneously was being uploaded with 65000 videos each day; this was the period of July 2006 (YouTube Timeline). The progress of You tube was being watched by Google very closely, having seen the progress the company was making, Google went on to buy the company for $1.65 billion (BBC News, 2006). Now the company works a subsidiary of Google, but still retains its individual identity (Arnott, 2008). With this merger YouTube became YouTube timeline. This new forum facilitated individuals across the globe to connect, inspire and inform their counterparts. YouTube since its merger with Google has gone on to make strategic alliances with companies like CNN, Reuters and etch. It has broadened the scope of its operations by offering the forum as a debating platform and also a place where election candidates can undertake their election campaigns. You Tube’s Business: Since its inception YouTube has become one of the most popular search engines. YouTube has become the second biggest search engine all over the world (Johnson, 2009). Thus, it provides a great opportunity for online advertisers to use this forum to advertise their products and services (Johnson, 2009). The main attraction for online advertiser s is the high traffic that the website is able to generate towards it. In this regards, YouTube in recent years have undergone deals with different companies, in which its host live streaming events, allow video renting and display music videos site links (Halliday, 2011). Business Environment of YouTube: YouTube can be classified as a business that is competing in a video sharing market. With its strong brand equity, brand awareness and a

Design for change in practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design for change in practice - Research Paper Example Design for change in practice is largely based on the framework proposed by Rossuwurm and Larrabee (1999). According to Rossuwurm and Larrabee (1999), design for change in practice is manifested through protocols, procedures, or standards. In the case with communicating terminal diagnosis to patients in order to improve their quality of life design relies on the mechanism of protocols distributed to medical personnel. Since the overall complexity of design determines the likelihood of change acceptance (Rossuwurm and Larrabee, 1999, p.320), protocols contain only well-structured and detailed information regarding terminal diagnosis disclosure practice and follow up procedures aimed to improve patients' quality of life. Because feedback from patients (stakeholders) is essential when designing a change in practice (Rossuwurm and Larrabee, 1999), design also includes a questionnaire produced to measure changes in patients' quality of life. (1) Practice of terminal diagnosis full disclosure. ... As explained by Fitch (1994) once a word like "cancer" or "terminal" is heard, a mental retreat is often enacted and thus true communication may not take place until the stark essence of the initial message has been absorbed. Similarly, when news of terminality are communicated rapidly, the patient may remember very little of what has been said. Therefore, in order to implement this change in practice some patients should have information about their terminal diagnosis divided into manageable stages so that self-perceptions gradually shift from well, to ill, to dying over a period of days or weeks. The fundamental premise of this change in practice is that physicians should exclusively opt the strategy of full disclosure of terminal diagnosis for their patients. (2) Eliminating avoidance practices. The issue of death and dying like any topic or situation that creates anxiety tends to trigger avoidance responses. In medical practice, two types of avoidance may be seen: physical avoidance, in which an individual makes an effort to avoid being in the presence of persons, places or objects that cause anxiety; and topical avoidance, in which a clinician avoids thinking or talking about an anxiety-producing issue. Physicians and nurses tend to avoid patient feelings (i.e., depression, anger, or anxiety) by focusing on the explicit content of the patients' message (Dilbeck, 1996). Related to this response in medical personnel is the finding that patients report that technological interventions and procedures cause them to feel that their need for support through compassion and caring is being denied (Super & Plutko, 1996). Patients cannot

Don Quixote Essay Example for Free

Don Quixote Essay He was a retired nation scholar: Alonso Quijano, obsessed with books and knowledge, dried up his brain and lose his wit; chose to be a knight-errant, journeyed the world with horse. He wore himself in armour though rusty it was and a cardboard helmet; rode in his horse, searched his adventures, called himself: Don Quixote de la Mancha. Alas! Metamorphosis revealed. Married a farm girl whom he renamed: Dulcinea del Toboso. Beat up by servants of traveling merchants, who refused to recognize Dulcinea’s immense splendor; rescued by a neighbor and carried him home. Expedition came another expedition. Suffered in his long quests. Don Quixote whose real name was Alonso Quijano returned home humiliated, locked in an ox-cart that served as his cage. The Odyssey An epic poem created by Homer, said to be a ‘sequel’ of Iliad. It was Odysseia in Greek, as what Herodotus has called it. Odyssey, derived from the Greek’s, indicated an important and arduous journey. Kept as a prisoner in Calypso, Oh! Odyssey, until the gods held a meeting and set him free. He built a raft and voyaged over stormy seas. Entered the palace of King Alcinous, took part with the games that were held, sang the Trojan War; the King queried who he was: â€Å"I am Odysseus. † He then narrated his quests: the Island of the Winds, the kingdom of the dead; of psyches of ancient heroes and women, passed over the magnificent song at the isle of Siren. Fortunate he was, he survived from Zeus’ thunderbolt which struck the ship; carried he was at the shore of Phaeacia, he then met Athena in Ithaka. Fight has transpired; Yet peace and victory awaited. Flourished. Oedipus He has been made King of Thebes due to his heroic act of liberating the people from the plague and pestilence of Sphinx. Epidemic from another epidemic, people have always asked him to rescue them. Oedipus has always foreseen the needs. Hero he may seem, he has been accused as the murderer of Laius, the former King. Infuriated by allegation, announced it as a plot. A conspiracy for Creon to gain his throne. A battle soon to happen, yet Jocasta arrived in time to stop the fight. She guaranteed that prophets, who declared the accusation, were not reliable. As evidence, she cited the old prophecy that her son needed to murder his father, and have children by his mother.

Internal and External Constraints Facing Venetian Ices Ltd Essay Example for Free

Internal and External Constraints Facing Venetian Ices Ltd Essay Constraints are laws, which the company must abide by. There are two different types of constraints; these are internal and external constraints. Internal constraints are those that the company controls their selves such as: * Availability of finance * Existing company policy * Peoples behaviour External constraints are decisions that are made outside the companys control such as: * Government and EC legislation * Competitors behaviour * Lack of technology * The economic environment The internal constraints facing Venetian ices include: 1.Equipment Venetian Ices need equipment in order to produce their goods and also keep the ice cream frozen. So obviously they will need equipment such as freezers (to store the ice cream), new ice cream making machines in order to produce the ice cream for the customers. They will also need a mobile van, so that customers could get ice cream in different areas. Another equipment that Venetian Ices could have is packaging, this will be for customers who would want to buy a whole tub of ice cream from them. There are some problems, which may occur when replacement or extra equipment is needed. Venetian ices could in fact find themselves in a position where they are unable to afford the equipment that they would want available to them. In the case of additional equipment there may not be enough room on the sight of enough employees to operate all the machinery. 2. Financing the development of a Franchisee operation Venetian Ices must provide finance to their franchisees in order to get them started and set up in the business world. Venetian Ices can get their finance from a number of places and ways. The first is retained profit, but that can possible prove difficult for them, as small companies such as themselves only tend to make a small profit. They can also get their finance from selling as much ice cream as they possibly can. Venetian ices would have to buy all the equipment and premised that they would require when they are setting up a business up and also paying all of the workers in their franchisee. This means that when a new franchisee joins at first Venetian Ices have to spend a lot of capital and get little back in return. 3. Staffing for Increased Production Output By increasing the number of staff it would increase the output of the company, but this will mean having to pay out more money in order to pay their new employees. Also they may have a problem with the size of the premises. There could be a problem with the amount of people allowed to work in the building, if there isnt enough room for everyone they would have to employ less people then they would like. Some External constraints that may affect Venetian Ices include: 1.Raising finance How much finance Venetian Ices can raise depends a lot on the public who purchase ice cream from them and also investors who decide to invest money in the company. This could cause a problem though because in winter ice cream is less popular and a whole lot less people would come and purchase ice cream during the cold period. This could therefore mean investors will not want to invest in an ice cream company, which for part of the reason will not raise much finance. 2. Planning Permission If Venetian Ices decided they wanted to expand their premises or decide to build new premises for their company, they would require planning permission from the local council or the government. If Venetian Ices did decide to go ahead with an extension or the building of a new building without a contract from the authorities then they could be taken to court and forced to abandon work on their new premises completely. 3. Franchising Venetian Ices do not have complete control over its franchisees, as the franchiser does not always check them on. This can mean that franchisees may run the business against the company policy and use different and methods. For example if the franchisee trains the staff in how to recruit then the staff must do exactly as they are told to, if they recruit people in a different way or people who Venetian Ices dont want. This could lead to the company having a bad reputation. 4. Law Venetian Ices must follow and work by all the laws. There has being laws set about methods of employment, training, European regulations and also food which would defiantly apply to Venetian Ices. These laws can be checked often by government inspectors. 5. Tourism Tourism is a big market for Venetian Ices as they make up a large percentage of customers in some areas where there are mobile and ice cream parlours. Tourist also often purchases goods on impulse. However, Venetian Ices cannot insure that the number of tourists in a certain area will remain the same all the time. 6. Foot and Mouth Disease Another outbreak of foot and mouth can cause serious problems for Venetian Ices. Foot and Mouth affect cows, which Venetian ices, depends on for its main ingredient, which is milk. Another foot and mouth epidemic breaking out would make it hard obtaining the milk and also getting it transported as certain areas of the countryside would be shut off, therefore making transportation hard. Foot and mouth can also cause tourism to drop in certain areas and possibly even close. This would lead Venetian Ices in an awful position in them areas affected by foot and mouth. There could possibly be people who would want to stay away from the ice cream due to foot and mouth.

Replication of the Stroop Effect

Replication of the Stroop Effect Abdus Azad Abstract This experiment is a replication of the Stroop effect, in which you are supposed to identify colors, where colors are in different texts. Also the name of the word when in different colors. There was one experimenter and the participants were 20 (15 females, 5 males) Hunter College Psychology 250 students. The age ranged from 19-32 with a mean age of 23.5. The Experimenter tested the participant’s in two effects and three conditions. In one effect they were to identify the word, in three conditions congruent (matching the color), incongruent (different color), and control (neutral black text). In another effect the students were tasked with identifying the color in three conditions, congruent (same color matched), incongruent (different text), and control (neutral black text). We hypothesized there will be an increase in the mean time when participants are tested in the incongruent conditions due to interference. Using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA the result of this study found that there is a significant difference in incongruent condition when participants were tasked to name the color F (1.554, 23.32) = 7.434, p= 0.0055. Using a second one-way ANOVA for naming words, the results showed no significance F (1.845, 27.68) = 0.1289, p= 0.8642. A Replication of The Stroop Effect When we focus our attention to do one task, this is called selective attention. This means to exclude any other stimuli which may cause distraction. While on the other hand divided attention is when we have the ability to divide our attention to a few tasks, sometimes while doing these tasks, it may become an automatic process which makes dividing your attention between these two tasks much easier. Automatic processing, is when you cannot control your thought process, it can be thought as implicit thinking, in other words thinking that may occur unconsciously. Automatic processing may not always be helpful, you may have conflict with automatic and controlled processing. The Stroop Effect tested how these processes worked. James McKeen Cattell (1886) had originally conducted research and found that objects and colors when compared to their corresponding words, took longer to speak aloud. He knew there was an interference with automatic and controlled processing. Even though he had already made this connection, Ridley Stroop (1935) is more recognized for work with color and words. Stroop in his experiment had used six colors and did three different experiments. The experiment’s consisted of participants reading lists of colors, on one list color was written in black, and on the other list was color written in different colored inks. They were supposed to identify the color of the words and also timed. The other experiments that he did was similar involving shapes. The way Cattell and Stroop’s research differs is that Cattell ha d concluded there was an interference between automatic and controlled processing, while Stroop’s research was more about developing an understanding as to why this interference is occurring. In Stroop’s article â€Å"Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions† he had concluded that your mind can automatically decide the semantic meaning of a word, hence when the color matched the word the time it took to figure out the color was much quicker vs when the colors did not match the word. Further replications of the Stroop test were performed, J.D. Dunbar and C.M. McLeod’s (1990) replication like Stroop also consisted of a congruent condition (words with the same color as the text) and incongruent conditions (colors don’t match the word text). They also added a control condition, the words were in a neutral color. Flowers, Warner, and Polansky (1979) did a variation of Dunbar and MacLeod’s Stroop test. They used rows numbers, the number was the same in each row and they asked the participants to determine how many numbers were in the rows. The findings by both Danbar, McLeod (1990) and Flowers, Warner, Polansky (1979) showed there was a noticeable gap in time and errors made in the incongruent condition compared to the control and congruent conditions. With their replications, we can conclude that participants in the incongruent group take more time identifying the color and made more errors Haely (1994) spoke of further research on automatic processing. An experiment was conducted on how we process words that we use frequently, words like â€Å"of†, â€Å"the†, etc. It showed that participants found it harder to focus on the individual letters of the words. She gave the participants some English text to read and asked them to circle every letter â€Å"t† that they saw. The findings showed that participants frequently missed letters that were in more common words, words like â€Å"the†, â€Å"then†, etc. When it came to less used words they were able to more easily identify it. These findings showed how we automatically process words. Words that are commonly used daily, when reading them, we see a whole entity, instead of the individual components. This way our brain automatically reads words further supports Stroop’s findings. In our experiment we will attempt to do a modified replication of Stroop’s experiment to see how our results correspond to his. We will have two groups one will be to Name The Color, and the other to Name The Word. Our null hypothesis is that there will be no significance mean difference in time recorded for participants in congruent and incongruent groups from the control group. The alternative hypothesis for our experiment is that the time recorded for participants in the incongruent groups will be significantly more. From the many studies done on Stroop Interference, mostly all suggesting that the incongruent group will take more time to identify the color or word due to Stroop Interference, this is where our alternative hypothesis has come from. Method Participants The participants of this study were all Hunter College students. There were 5 males and 15 females, ages from 19-32 (M=23.50, SD=3.80). 10 of the participants spoke English as a second language. The hours of sleep the participants had varied from 4 -7 hours (M=5.36, SD=1.02). Only one participant had reported vision problems. Ethnicity and socioeconomic status were not taken into consideration. All of the students who participated were from the Psychology 250, class that meets on Mondays Thursdays from 8:00 am to 11:20 AM. The participants will all be compensated in the form of a letter grade from the professor. Materials The testing was taken on a consisting of three conditions. Control (color of word written in black text), congruent (word was written in same color), and incongruent (color of word was different from text), the time it took to answer was recorded by the computer. The results were displayed on the screen and were written on paper with a pen or pencil. The students transferred their results into a shared excel data table which was uploaded on Blackboard. The participants completed the test in a computer lab using computers. Procedure There was informed consent and the students were briefed on the experiment with no deception. The students were all presented with the same instructions. We conducted a within subjects design, to select the order of the participants a counterbalancing method was used to avoid possible sequence effects. Each participant was assigned a number from 1-6. Depending on your assigned number you would start with a different condition. 8 participants started with the Control, 6 participants started with the congruent, and the remaining 6 started with the incongruent condition. 3 participants were chosen at a time and went took the experiment on different computers in three different rooms. Once in the room the participant closed the door, and started with the assigned condition. There was two effects, in one the participant was required to Name The Word, and the other the participant was supposed to Name The Color. Each effect had three conditions. The control condition was black colored text displaying a color. The congruent condition had both had a text corresponding to the color. The incongruent condition had a text of a color displayed in a different color. Words would display and the user was required to click the answer as quickly as possible, after one condition was completed they moved on to the next. After a participant was complete another participant shortly followed to the empty computer following the sequence previously mentioned. We chose to exclude any extreme values from our data any person with values  ± 2.0 SD from the mean Results When the participants were required to Name The Word, in the control condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1494.89, SD= 314.19), in the incongruent condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1545.93, SD=283.30, and in the congruent condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1483.74, SD= 264.03) see Figure 1. In the second effect when the participants were required to Name The Color, in the control condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1661.22, SD=248.22), in the incongruent condition the mean score and standard deviation-n was (M=17.63.41, SD=416.93), and in the congruent condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1400.78, SD=454.59) see Figure 2 . A one way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted twice once to test Name The Color and another to test Name The Word. It was found there was significance difference in mean time for Name The Color group F (1.554, 23.32) = 7.434, p= 0.0055, the post hoc analysis shows inco ngruent had a significant mean time slower at (p p= 0.8642. Our hypothesis was partially correct, our results show that when naming color there is a significant delay in the incongruent condition. While when naming the word there is no significance. Discussion The aim of this study was to do a modified replication of the Stroop effect. We hypothesized that participants would have an increase in interference with more complex tasks. In other words, the mean reaction time will be significantly higher between the incongruent conditions. The results proved our hypothesis partially correct, which was that participants would have an increase in mean time in the incongruent condition. In other words, the mean reaction time will be significantly higher in Naming The Color and Naming The Word incongruent conditions. Our result found significance when participants saw words with different colors and they were required to name the color. There was no significance when they were required to name the word. The findings were somewhat inconsistent with our hypothesis because other previous studies also showed that when the word conflicts with the ink color, people are slower to respond and they are faster if the word agrees with the ink color, (Cohen, Dunbar, McClelland, 1990). So, previous studies agree with our results. Our findings were consistent with the first and second experiment, which was done by Stroop (1935). Our results agree with Stroop’s study because in both studies tested participants in different conditions and the conditions were counterbalanced to avoid order affects. Stroop had found a delay in his second experiment when the color was supposed to be named with different words, and no significant delay in the first experiment. Our replication yielded similar results. In both studies, participants had a task of naming words of colors which were written in a different color (incongruent) and then also naming neutral words (control). Since previous research had already explained that when a word complements its ink color, it leads to the processing of naming the word and the color together and if the color and the word are different it takes a longer time of reaction or response, (Cohen, Dunbar, McClelland, 1990), we can conclude that both studies would have similar findings. Our result was also consistent with the second study done by Algom, Eidels, and Townsend et al. (2009) which found that when a participant is given the task of naming color words that are printed in color, they report the ink color faster if that color word is the name of the color rather than the name of a different color. By doing this study we were able to see that when faced with two tasks at the same time our brain responds to the immediate visible one. So, when we see the word blue written in the color green, we automatically are triggered to name the word, which is blue because that is processed in our brain first. However, if we are told to say the name of the color that the word is written in, like blue written in green, it takes a longer time because now the brain has to overcome the first step in automatically just recognizing the word, we have to voluntarily pay attention to the word and it’s incongruent color to name just the color of the word, which takes a longer time, as explained by Cattell (1886), Posner and Snyder (1975), Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) in their studies. Some limitations of this study was that the sample size was too small (N=20) so it was not representative of the larger population. There is a biased sample, the age group of the participants is fairly narrow. So the results obtained would not be acceptable to generalize the whole population. With a larger sample, the results may have varied. Also, the experiment was done too early in the morning when people are usually tired, sleepy, moody or hungry. So, their moods can have a great effect in how much time they take when testing in the three different conditions. And since, condition 3 took more attention and concentration, certain moods or hunger could have affected their concentration. Future studies should examine look at Stroop test in regards to color and shape.in color-object naming instead of just color-word naming to see if our brain works the same way for both tasks. The sample size should be much larger and there should be more variability. Also, gender should be divided equally because in our study, there were 9 females and only 3 males. Also, future studies should do the Stroop task with other different age groups and compare how one age group’s mean reaction time is different from that of a younger or older age group. References Cattell, J. M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind,  11, 63-65.85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Cohen, J., Dunbar, K., and McClelland, J. (1990). On the Control of Automatic  Processes: A Parallel Distributed Processing Account of the Stroop Effect. Psychological Review, 97 (3) 332-361. Retrieved from www.psych.stanford.edu/~jlm/papers/CohenDunbarMcC90.pdf. Eidels, A., Townsend, J., Algom, D. (2009). Comparing perception of stroop stimuli infocused versus divided attention paradigms: Evidence for dramatic processing differences Cognition, doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.008. Flowers, J.H., Warner, J.L., Polansky, M.L. (1979). Response and encoding factors in ignoring irrelevant information.Memory Cognition, 7,86-94 Healy, A. (1994). Letter detection: A window to unitization and other cognitive processes in reading text. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 3, 333-334 Shiffrin, R. M., Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human  information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending,  and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 643-662. Figure1. -. The control condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1494.89, SD= 314.19), in the incongruent condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1545.93, SD=283.30, and in the congruent condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1483.74, SD= 264.03). The bars represent SD from the mean Figure 2.- The control condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1661.22, SD=248.22), in the incongruent condition the mean score and standard deviation-n was (M=17.63.41, SD=416.93), and in the congruent condition the mean score and standard deviation was (M=1400.78, SD=454.59). The â€Å"**† represents a p